Forming a business in the US is a complex process with specific requirements that vary depending on your state of incorporation, your corporate structure (e.g. corporation, LLC), and the type of business you’re conducting. Initial filing fees to form a business also vary by state, ranging from $50 to $520, depending on where you are filing.

This guide will cover the fees and costs associated with company formation in the US, including the filing fees and annual report fees for each state.

What’s in this article?

• How much does it cost to incorporate?
  
• Company formation fees by state
  

How much does it cost to incorporate?

The total cost to incorporate a business can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars, depending on your location and which services you opt for during the incorporation process. Filing for incorporation on your own is the most cost-effective option, but that requires more time and knowledge of the process. Hiring professional help such as attorneys (for legal compliance advice) or accountants (for tax preparation and filing) introduces additional costs, but it simplifies the process.

Here are the basic costs associated with company formation:

• Filing fees: Each state has different fees for filing the articles of incorporation.

• Franchise taxes: Some states impose annual franchise taxes, which vary depending on your business’s income.

• Registered agent fees: Every incorporated business needs a registered agent. The cost of this service varies depending on the individual or entity you choose.

• Publication costs: Some states require you to publish a notice of incorporation in a newspaper. The cost of this varies depending on the publication and the location.

Company formation fees by state

Here is a comprehensive list of business formation fees by state in 2024. These fees include the initial filing fee and any annual or biennial report fees required to maintain the LLC. Report fees are annual, except for the following states with biennial renewals: Alaska, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, and Washington, D.C. Additional fees might apply for registered agent services, business licences, and other filings.

These fees are subject to change, so it’s a good idea to check with the respective state’s Secretary of State office for the most current information.

Angel investors vs. other types of investors

Before pursuing funding from angel investors, familiarise yourself with other types of startup investors. Here's an overview of investment options:

• Venture capitalists: Venture capitalists (VCs) are firms or individuals that invest in startups showing strong potential for growth, usually in exchange for equity. Unlike angel investors, they typically invest during the later stages of a startup's development, after the business has shown some market traction. VCs invest larger sums of money than angel investors and are usually more involved in the direction of the company. They seek substantial returns and typically have a more aggressive view toward scaling the business and achieving an exit within a specific timeframe.

• Seed funds: Seed funds are specialised VC funds that focus on early-stage investments, often before angel investment and larger VC rounds. They invest in startups that have moved past the conceptual stage and have a minimum viable product (MVP) or some initial traction.

• Incubators and accelerators: These programs support early-stage companies through education, mentorship and financing. Incubators focus most often on the initial development phase, helping entrepreneurs turn ideas into a viable business. Accelerators, on the other hand, look to scale up the growth of existing companies over a short period of time.

• Corporate investors: Some corporations invest in startups to access innovative technologies, enter new markets, or nurture strategic partnerships. These investors can offer ample resources, but they might seek more than just financial returns, such as an ownership stake in the technology or control over the company's direction.

• Crowdfunding: This involves raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically through online platforms. Crowdfunding can be a good option for startups that want to validate their product with a broad audience, interact with potential customers and raise funds without giving up equity or incurring debt.

• Government grants and subsidies: In some sectors – particularly those involving scientific research, clean technology, or social impact – government grants and subsidies can provide funding without diluting equity.

• Peer-to-peer lending and debt financing: Debt financing includes loans from financial institutions or peer-to-peer lending platforms. This type of financing is typically more challenging for early-stage startups to secure and it obligates a startup to repay the loan, with interest, but it doesn't dilute ownership.

• Family offices: High net-worth families often have private wealth management advisory firms, known as family offices, that directly invest in startups. These investors can provide substantial funding and might be interested in longer-term investments compared to traditional VCs.

• Angel groups and syndicates: Unlike individual angel investors, angel groups or syndicates pool resources to invest in startups. These groups can provide larger sums of capital and combine the expertise and networks of multiple investors.

Each type of investor offers different advantages, expectations and levels of involvement. Startups should carefully consider their stage of development, industry, funding needs and the kind of strategic relationships they want to grow before deciding which type of investor to work with.